The Haiku
俳句は、日本独特の文化の１つです。
海外でも、浮世絵、歌舞伎、相撲に加え、最近は俳句への関心を高まってきました。
季語を入れ、五・七・五のリズムに合わせて詠む日本語の俳句を、どうやって英語に置き換えるのでしょうか。
皆さんも英語の俳句に挑戦してみませんか。

（開隆堂出版株式会社　Sunshine English Course2　のREADING）

TRACK36　俳句を英語で説明してみよう！

　Have you ever heard of the haiku?

It is the shortest poem in the world.

It has only three lines.

In Japanese the lines have 5, 7, and 5 syllables.

But in those short lines, you can understand the poet’s ideas and feelings.

　There is one important point about the haiku.

It usually has a kigo, or a season word.

TRACK37　芭蕉の俳句を英語で詠んでみましょう！

　The haiku was born in Japan in the fourteenth century.

In the seventeenth century Basho established the haiku as a poetic form.

　One of Basho’s most famous haiku goes like this:

　Furu-ike ya kawazu tobikomu mizu no oto Compare this with its English version:

　The old pond;

　A frog jumps in, –

　The sound of water.

TRACK38　季語を使って英語で俳句を詠んでみましょう！

　What is the season word in this haiku?

It is of course “frog.”

It is a season word for spring.

　Season words are typical of the haiku.

For exapmle, we use “cicada” for summer, “moon” for fall, and “snow” for winter.

　These words often expand the readers’ imagination.

　Today the haiku is becoming more popular in many other countries.

In 1988, there was a haiku contest for children in Canada.

　One of the best haiku of that contest goes like this:

　Like a fresh spring breeze,

　The children on bicycles

　Ride along the street.

John Manjiro

中浜万次郎は、またの名をジョン万次郎といいます。
1827年、土佐の漁師の家に生まれましたが、14歳のとき出漁中に遭難し、
アメリカのジョン・ハウランド号に助けられ、アメリカで教育を受けました。
後に日本に帰った彼は、幕府に召され武士となり、通訳者として活躍しました。
文字通り、波瀾万丈の人生を送った彼の足跡を辿ってみましょう

（教育出版株式会社　One World English Course 2のReading Lesson2）

TRACK32　万次郎は、どうやって英語を身につけたのでしょうか？

　Manjiro was saved by the John Howland, an America ship.

He was only fourteen years old.

Whitfield, the captain of the ship, liked Manjiro very much.

He gave him the name “John” after the ship.

The ship arrived in Hawaii.

Everything was new to Manjiro – beds, knives, forks, everything.

　Manjiro learned English by ear.

He had a very good ear, so he learned English very quickly.

After he came back to Japan, he wrote a book about English.

In this book he showed how to read each word in katakana.

For example, wara was for “water” and koshichan was for “question.”

TRACK33　万次郎はどうやって帰国費用を作りましたか？

　Two years later, the captain took Manjiro to his home in Massachusetts.

Manjiro went to elementary school, and he learned to read and write English.

After he finished school in 1846, he went to sea.

　He missed his mother all the time.

He often watched the sea and thought of his dear mother.

He wanted to go back to Japan, but he didn’t have enought money.

　The year 1849 is famous for the “Gold Rush.”

Thousands of people went to California.

Manjiro was among them.

In two months he saved a lot of money.

TRACK34　万次郎は帰国して何をしましたか？

　Manjiro wanted to go back to Tosa, but he was afraid to do so.

In those days Japan’s doors were closed to other countries.

So he went to Okinawa first.

In 1582, he went back to his hometown at last.

　The next year some America ships came to Uraga.

Only Manjiro knew about America.

Only he could speak English.

The Tokugawa Government called him to Edo.

　In 1860 the Government sent some messengers to the United States.

Yukichi Fukuzawa was one of them.

Manjiro, now a samurai, went with them as interpreter.

　The ships arrived in San Francisco.

The Japanese messengers were warmly welcomed.

Manjiro spoke English very well.

American people were very surprised at his English.

TRACK35　万次郎は日米間でどんな役割を果たしましたか？

　In San Francisco, Manjiro bought a Webster’s dictionary.

Manjiro also bought a camera for his wife and a sewing machine for his mother.

　More than one hundred years ago, Manjiro went to school in the United States and learned English.

He made friends with many Americans.

He was a bridge between Japan and America.

A Dream Comes True.

1912年、日本人女性初のパイロットになる西崎キクさんが生まれました。
後に、国際航空連盟から表彰されるほどになった彼女がパイロットを目指したのは、
成人して教師の職に就いた後のことです。
一度飛行機の魅力に取りつかれると、パイロットになる勉強を始め、ついには夢を実現してしまったのです。
彼女はどんな信念を持っていたのでしょうか？

（開隆堂出版株式会社　Sunshine English Course2のPROGURAM9）

TRACK29　日本人女性初のパイロットは、どんな人だったのでしょうか？

　Who was the first Japanese woman pilot to fly to other countries?

Kiku Nishizaki was.

　Kiku Nishizaki was born in Saitama in 1912.

She was an active girl.

When she was two, she climbed up to the roof of her house.

That was a big surprise to her parents.

　When she was a schoolgirl, she was more active than any of her friends.

　In　1929, Kiku Nishizaki finished teachers’ college and became a teacher in her village.

She enjoyed her work.

　One day in fall, she went to the airfield with her friends.

There she wouched a plane for the first time in her life.

　A few months later, she got on a plane and sat in the cockpit.

That was the most exciting experience of her life.

TRACK30　彼女はどんな性格でしたか？

　In those days few women wanted to become pilots.

But Kiku liked flying better than teaching.

　She entered a pilots’ school and trained hard to become a pilot.

At last she got her license.

　One day, when she was flying to China, she had engine trouble.

She had to land on a river bank at night.

She said to herself, “Next time I’ll fly better.”

　She was the first Japanese woman pilot to fly to other countries.

TRACK31　彼女の言う成功の秘訣とは何ですか？

　In 1935, Kiku won a prize from the FAI in Paris as the best pilot.

“When I heard the good news, I couldn’t believe my ears,” she said.

“I like this prize the best of all.

Because Charles Lindbergh also won the same prize.

I’m proud of it more than anything else.”

　Kiku always said, “Have a dream. Work hard for it, and your dream will come true.”

Here Comes the Elephant Train!

第二次世界大戦下、日本中がとても厳しい状況にありました。
動物園も例外ではありません。
その多くでは、戦火で檻が壊されることを恐れ、危険な動物は処分されました。
そんななかをくぐり抜け、ある動物園で２頭の象が生き残りました。
やがて、子供たちの人気者となったこの象には、当時の人々のどんな思いが込められていたのでしょうか。

TRACK25　第二次世界大戦下、名古屋の動物園はどんな状態だったのでしょう？

　Before World War　Ⅱ, there were four elephants in a zoo in Nagoya.

During the war, animals had a hard time.

　One day soldiers came to the zoo and said, “During a war anything can happen.

Animals can run away and hurt people.

You must kill the animals.

We have to think of people first.”

　The men at the zoo said, “Kill our animals? No! We can’t!”

TRACK26　生き残った動物は何でしたか？

　But the soldiers shot a lot of animals.

　The men at the zoo said, “Please, don’t shoot the elephants! They are gentle.”

　The soldiers said, “You may keep the elephants.

But can you feed them?”

　After all, only two elephants lived throught the war.

The other elephants died of hunger.

TRACK27　終戦後、動物園にどんな手紙が届きましたか？

　The war came to an end, and the Japanese people didn’t have to kill animals any longer.

But the elephants in Nagoya were the only elephants in all Japan.

　Children in other cities heard of the elephants in Nagoya.

Many of them wrote letters to the zoo.

They said, “Please bring the elephants to our city.”

But the elephants weren’t very strong.

They couldn’t travel.

TRACK28　「ぞう列車」とは何ですか？

　Then the people at JNR heard about the children’s wish.

“Let’s a take children to Nagoya instead,” they said.

So they ran “elephant trains.”

　Each train brought lots of happy children to Nagoya.

And all over Japan many other children were waiting for their turn.

　”May we ride on the elephants?” asked the children.

　”Sure!” the men at the zoo answered.

“Peace is wonderful,” they thought.

“Both the children and the elephants are happy.”

The Hot Dog
ホットドッグという言葉はアメリカの野球スタジアムで生まれたものですが、
ソーセージをはさんだパンをhot dogというのはなぜでしょうか？
実は、面白いいきさつがあります。

TRACK22　元祖、ホットドッグは何とよばれていたのでしょうか？

　In its home country, Germany, the “frank furter” was the name for the hot dog.

It came from Frankfurt, a German city.

In the 1860s, people sold frankfurters in the United States for the first time.

But Americans didn’t say “frank furters.”

They said “dachshund sausages.”

A dachshund is a dog from Germany with a very long body and short legs.

“Dachshund sausage” was a good name for the frankfurter.

TRACK23　ダックスフントソーセージは、どこで売られていましたか？

　Dachshund sausages first became popular in New York.

People sold them at baseball games.

The men with the sausages walked up and donw.

They shouted, “Get your dachshund sausages! Get your hot dachshund sausages here!”

People ate the sausages in buns, a kind of bread.

TRACK24　ホットドッグという言葉の由来は？

　One day, in 1906, a newspaper cartoonist went to a baseball gaem.

He saw the men with the dachshund sausages.

Then he got a good idea for a cartoon.

The next day at the newspaper office he drew a bun with a dachshund in it not a dachshund sausage,

but a real dachshund.

He didn’t know the spelling of “dachshund”.

So under the cartoon he wrote “Get your hot dogs!”

The cartoon was a sensation, and “hot dog” became the new name.

　At a baseball game today, you can see a lot of dog sellers.

They walk up and down.

They shout, “Get your hot dogs here! Get your hot dogs here!”

Good for the Earth
地球環境、生活環境の汚染の原因は様々ですが、日常私たちが何気なく捨てているゴミも大きな原因の１つです。
とくに、腐らないプラスチックや、電池などの有害なゴミの問題は深刻です。
限りある地球の資源を有効に使っていくために、私たちにできるのはどんなことでしょうか。

TRACK19　プラスチックにはどんな問題がありますか？

　Every year, we use a lot of plastic.

Plastic is very useful.

It is lighter than glass.

And it is often stronger, too.

Plastic bottles don’t break.

And they don’t cut people.

　There is a problem with plastic, though.

It doesn’t rot in the ground.

So it takes up too much space.

　The biggest problem, however, is waste.

We cannot make plastic from oil forever.

What can we do?

　Taking our own bags to stores in the easiest way.

Thus we can stop using new plastic bags every day.

We can buy drinks in glass bottles.

Then we can recycle the bottles.

Track20　身近にある有害なゴミは何ですか？

　Radios, clocks, watches, cameras.

What do they all use?

　The answer is batteries.

Batteries are very useful.

The Japanese use a lot of batteries 20 for every man, woman, and child a year.

　But batteries are dangerous, too.

They are more dangerous than any other trash.

They have poison in them.

This poison is the most dangerous thing in our trash.

TRACK21　地球を守るために、私たちは何をすべきでしょうか？

　Some batteries are as small as buttons.

But remember, they are as dangerous as big batteries.

So we should be careful with all of our batteries.

　Some towns collect batteries on special days.

And some stores, like camera shops, also collect old batteries.

Let’s keep batteries out of the trash.

The earth will thank us.

Gestures Talk
ジェスチャーはコミュニケーション手段として、言語に負けないくらいの重要な役割を果たしています。
国や言葉が違っても同じ意味を表すジェスチャーもあれば、国や文化圏が変わると全く違う意味を表わすものもあります。

TRACK16　ジェスチャーの方が言葉よりも便利な場面があります

　We often use gestures for communication.

For example, soccer players sometimes communicatie with each other without words.

They use body movements and eye contact.

In such cases, gestures are more useful than words.

　There are many gestures.

We use them with words or without words.

TRACK17　世界で一番使われているジェスチャーは何ですか？

　Some gestures are the same in many countries.

For example, the V-sign is the most popular.

Almost everyone knows it.

Gestures are useful when we talk with foreign prople.

　Maybe you know Chaplin’s silent movies.

People do not talk in them.

They use many gestures.

　We can communicate across cultures with gestures.

TRACK18　このジェスチャーはどんな意味ですか？

Tom:　How do you show “Be quiet”?

Ken:　We put a fingere on our lips.

Tom:　It’s the same in the USA.

Ken:　Yes. This is as popular as the V-sign.

Tom:　Then, how about the gesture for “Come here”?

Ken:　We move our hands and fingers like this.

Tom:　Oh. It’s different. In the USA it may mean “Go away.”

The United Kingdom
　皆さんの中に「英国＝England」なんて思っている人はいませんか？
「イングランド」は英国を構成する４つの地域のうちの１つにすぎません。
このレッスンで、イングランド以外の地域のことを学んでみましょう

（株式会社三省堂　New Crown English Series New Edition2　の Lessson9)

TRACK13　日本と英国を地図で較べてみましょう

　Look at these maps.

This is the United Kingdom, and this is Japan.

Both are island nations.

　Great Britain and Honshu are the main islands.

They are almost the same size.

But the United Kingdom is smaller than Japan.

TRACK14　英国には、英語以外の言葉があるの？

　The United Kingdom has four ‘countries’: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

England is the largest of the four.

Which is larger, Scotland or Wales? Scotland is.

　There are many other differences.

In Wales they have their own language, Welsh.

In Scotland they have their own money.

There are even ‘international’ rugby games among the countries.

TRACK15　この有名な歌は、どこの生まれでしょう？

Tom:　　’Greensleeves’ and ‘Home, Sweet Home’ come from England, don’t they?

Kumi:　　Yes. Which do you like better?

Tom:　　 I like ‘Greensleeves’ better.

Kumi:　　Some songs come from Scotland. ‘Auld Lang Syne’ is a Scottish folk song.

Tom:　　 Right. How about ‘Danny Boy’? That’s from Ireland.

Kumi:　　I like that song the best of all. Let’s sing it.

Ainu
北海道の「札幌」、「釧路」、「旭川」などの地名はアイヌ語に由来しているのをご存知でしたか。
アイヌ語は政府の政策によって衰退したこともありましたが、今ではアイヌ語を広めていく運動がさかんになっている。
言葉は文化を守る。
　1939年に生まれ、のちにアイヌ民族出身で初の参議院議員となった萱野茂さんは「アイヌ語塾」をつくり、アイヌ文化に大きな貢献しました。

TRACK10　どんなアイヌ語の地名がありますか？

　Do you like traveling? I like it very much.

I went to Hokkaido last summer. I visited an Ainu museum.

I learned about the Ainu there.

　Once Hokkaido was the land of the Ainu.

The names of places show this. For example, ‘Sapporo’, ‘Kushiro’, and ‘Asahikawa’ are from the Ainu language.

TRACK11　アイヌの歴史を知っていますか？

　People in Honshu went into Hokkaido at the end of the Edo period.

They changed the Ainu way of life.

　There changes became official in the Meiji period.

Many Ainu customs became illegal.

They stopped hunting and fishing, and began farming against their will.

They could not use their own language in public.

TRACK12　今日、アイヌ語はどうなっていますか？

　Today some Ainus are trying to keep their traditional ways.

Kayano Shigeru is one of them.

　He thought, “The life of aprople is in its language.”

So he started Ainu language classes with his friends.

This moved many people.

　Now Ainu teachers give their people language lessons.

The language lives again.

ハロウィーンは、10月31日に行われる、キリスト教の聖人たちを祝うお祭り。
子どもたちは思い思いの仮装をして町中を練り歩き、”Trick or treat!”と叫びながら家々をまわります。
この言葉にはどんな意味があるのでしょうか？
さあ、皆さんもミカたちと一緒にハロウィーンに参加してみましょう

TRACK7　このカボチャは何ですか？

Mika:　　　 Good evenig, Mrs. Baker.

Mrs.Baker:　Hello, Mika. Come on in!

Mika:　　　 Thnak you.

Ted:　　　　Mika, look at our Halloween pumpkin.

Mika:　　　 Wow, that’s great!

Ted:　　　　You see, there’s a candle in it.

Mika:　　　 Oh, that’s pretty.

TRACK8　ハロウィーンの決まり文句です

Mrs. Baker:　Let’s sit and wait for the children.

Mika:　　　　What children?

Mrs. Baker:　There are some American children in this area.

Ted:　　　　 They come and say, “Trick or treat!”

Mrs. Baker:　And you’re just in time.

TRACK9　さあ、子供たちがやって来ました。

Ted:　　　　Here they are!
　　　　　　Is there enough candy, Mom?

Mrs. Baker:　How many children are there?

Mika:　　　　Five.

Mrs. Baker:　Good. Then we have enought.
　　　　　　 Open the door, Ted.

Children:　　Trick or treat!

Mrs. Baker:　Oh, you’re scary.

Children:　　Trick or treat!

Mrs. Baker:　All right, all right.
　　　　　　 Here you are.

Children:　　Thank you. Bye.